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藥學(xué)英語(yǔ)第五版pdf

發(fā)布時(shí)間：2023-03-01 14:55:10 稿源：創(chuàng)意嶺閱讀： 765 問(wèn)大家

大家好！今天讓創(chuàng)意嶺的小編來(lái)大家介紹下關(guān)于藥學(xué)英語(yǔ)第五版pdf的問(wèn)題，以下是小編對(duì)此問(wèn)題的歸納整理，讓我們一起來(lái)看看吧。

文章目錄列表:

1、中國(guó)藥學(xué)英文版稿件錄用通知書出來(lái)什么時(shí)候能見(jiàn)刊
2、如何學(xué)好藥學(xué)英語(yǔ)
3、請(qǐng)幫忙翻譯一下這段藥學(xué)英語(yǔ)
4、關(guān)于藥學(xué)領(lǐng)域的英語(yǔ)作文。急急急

藥學(xué)英語(yǔ)第五版pdf

一、中國(guó)藥學(xué)英文版稿件錄用通知書出來(lái)什么時(shí)候能見(jiàn)刊

醫(yī)學(xué)sci錄用后多久見(jiàn)刊？與具體的刊物有關(guān)，可能1-3個(gè)月內(nèi)，也可能3-6個(gè)月內(nèi)。一旦遇到刊期長(zhǎng)或者特殊情況，見(jiàn)刊還會(huì)更久一些。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，作者通?？梢酝ㄟ^(guò)錄用通知了解大概的見(jiàn)刊時(shí)間。

1、錄用到見(jiàn)刊還需要做什么

醫(yī)學(xué)sci錄用之后，就會(huì)進(jìn)入編輯加工、校稿、online、排期、見(jiàn)刊的程序。不管做哪項(xiàng)工作，都需要一定的時(shí)間，而時(shí)間長(zhǎng)短，與目標(biāo)醫(yī)學(xué)sci期刊的工作效率以及刊期的實(shí)際情況有關(guān)。所以，同樣是醫(yī)學(xué)sci，有的錄用后很快見(jiàn)刊了，還有的錄用后遲遲不見(jiàn)刊。因而，在不清楚具體醫(yī)學(xué)sci刊物往期安排的情況的前提下，無(wú)法給出較為明確的參考的時(shí)間。

二、如何學(xué)好藥學(xué)英語(yǔ)

多看些文獻(xiàn)就好，其實(shí)藥學(xué)英語(yǔ)無(wú)非就是多了一些藥學(xué)方面的詞匯罷了，加油哦！

我感覺(jué)人衛(wèi)版的藥學(xué)英語(yǔ)好多都是國(guó)人寫的，好惡……還不如自己去看正宗的英文文獻(xiàn)呢，這個(gè)審稿很嚴(yán)格的

三、請(qǐng)幫忙翻譯一下這段藥學(xué)英語(yǔ)

The purpose of Natural Medicinal Chemistry

From natural medicines in the research and development of new drugs (including the lead compound of structure modification and transformation, the total synthesis), which our study of natural medicines are the main purpose of the chemical. Pure compounds to develop new drugs is very difficult, long cycle and the high cost of chemotherapy side effects, and easy to produce drug resistance, cause injury to human health, and from green plant life of the natural active ingredients often have high security, so to natural medicine as raw materials of drugs and drug extracts in the world is increasingly popular

(1) a wide range of natural products, novel structure, pharmacological screening of the hit rate than the high synthetic compounds derived from natural lead compounds promising treatment for difficult cases of new drugs, so drugs from the natural development of new drugs has become a Top research directions. It was predicted that the future of natural drugs and chemical substances will be evenly divided, and biology were the three drugs with a tendency

(2) A number of natural active compounds, because there are some defects, such as efficacy is not satisfactory, or side effects must exist, or because the content is too low, shortage of resources, it is difficult to Medium derived from natural raw materials, or because the structure was too complex, synthetic is also very difficult, so there is no direct the development and utilization of their own future. However, the natural active ingredients for the lead compounds, structural modification or structural alteration, and eventually developed into new drugs.

For example: synthetic morphine substitutes - is scheduled for piperaquine (meperidine), morphine is retained in the structural parts of an effective (analgesic effect of the same!), And its addictive than morphine decreased. Another example: the active ingredient in coca leaves cocaine has a very strong narcotic effect, but toxic, easy to addiction, through research design and synthesis of local anesthetics such as procaine. Again Example: to extract from the Artemisia annua with the separation of anti-malarial activity of artemisinin, is a heat-labile compounds, such as its hydrogenated, methylated derivatives artemether made after the markedly improved stability, anti - more enhanced malaria activity.

問(wèn)題補(bǔ)充的翻譯：

In the 21st century, "return to nature" of the world trend, the traditional medicine once again full of great vitality and show broad prospects for development. Western medicine sector has changed the original opinion, interested in Chinese medicine to Chinese medicine in Japan, Germany, the United States and other Western developed countries has been given scant attention up.

World Association of Traditional Chinese Medicine in 1994, set up in Los Angeles, the West has also opened a number of institutions of higher learning professional courses on Chinese medicine or the establishment of a Chinese medicine research center. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have begun to formally accept the traditional Chinese medicine compound products. This trend of Chinese medicine into the world to provide an unprecedented good opportunity. Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine is the inevitable trend of the modernization of Chinese medicine must be to the world and the benefit of mankind. The development of Chinese medicine is the medicine our country in the competition to win one of the effective ways.

四、關(guān)于藥學(xué)領(lǐng)域的英語(yǔ)作文。急急急

Oral Administration　口服給藥　

For oral administration, the most common route, absorption refers to the transport of drugs across membranes of the epithelial cells in the GI tract. Absorption after oral administration is confounded by differences in luminal pH along the GI tract, surface area per luminal volume, blood perfusion, the presence of bile and mucus, and the nature of epithelial membranes. Acids are absorbed faster in the intestine than in the stomach, apparently contradicting the hypothesis that un-ionized drug more readily crosses membranes. However, the apparent contradiction is explained by the larger surface area and greater permeability of the membranes in the small intestine.　口服是最常用的給藥途徑，其吸收涉及藥物通過(guò)胃腸道上皮細(xì)胞膜的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)。由于給藥時(shí)相關(guān)環(huán)境條件的不同，如胃腸道管腔內(nèi)pH及單位腔道容積的表面積，組織血流灌注情況，膽汁和粘液的存在以及上皮細(xì)胞膜的性質(zhì)等，口服給藥的吸收也有差異。酸性藥物在腸中的吸收較胃中快，這顯然與非解離藥物更易透過(guò)細(xì)胞膜這一假設(shè)相矛盾。然而，這種明顯的矛盾卻可以從小腸具有很大的表面積和小腸細(xì)胞膜具有較大的通透性中得到答案?！?

The oral mucosa has a thin epithelium and a rich vascularity that favors absorption, but contact is usually too brief, even for drugs in solution, for appreciable absorption to occur. A drug placed between the gums and cheek （buccal administration） or under the tongue （sublingual administration） is retained longer so that absorption is more complete.　口腔粘膜上皮很薄，血管豐富，有利于藥物吸收。但是，接觸的時(shí)間太短暫，即使是溶液劑也來(lái)不及等到明顯的吸收發(fā)生。把一種藥物置于齒齦和面頰之間（頰部給藥）或置于舌下（舌下給藥）則可保留較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，使吸收更加完全?！?

The stomach has a relatively large epithelial surface, but because it has a thick mucous layer and the time that the drug remains there is usually relatively short, absorption is limited. Absorption of virtually all drugs is faster from the small intestine than from the stomach. Therefore, gastric emptying is the rate-limiting step. Food, especially fatty foods, slows gastric emptying （and the rate of drug absorption）, explaining why some drugs should be taken on an empty stomach when a rapid onset of action is desired. Food may enhance the extent of absorption for poorly soluble drugs （eg, griseofulvin）, reduce it for drugs degraded in the stomach （eg, penicillin G）, or have little or no effect. Drugs that affect gastric emptying （eg, parasympatholytic drugs） affect the absorption rate of other drugs.　胃具有相對(duì)大的上皮表面，但由于它有較厚的粘液層，而且藥物在胃內(nèi)停留的時(shí)間相對(duì)較短，吸收也較少。事實(shí)上，所有藥物在小腸中的吸收速度都要比胃中快。因此，胃排空即是一限速性步驟。食物，特別是脂類食物，延緩胃排空速度（從而也延緩藥物吸收速度），這也就是為何某些希望迅速奏效的藥物宜空腹服用的原因。食物可增強(qiáng)某些溶解性差的藥物（如灰黃霉素）的吸收，減少胃內(nèi)降解藥物（如青霉素G）的吸收，食物以裁縫折吸收或無(wú)影響，或影響甚少。影響胃排空的藥物（如副交感神經(jīng)阻斷劑）可影響其他藥物的吸收速度?！?

The small intestine has the largest surface area for drug absorption in the GI tract. The intraluminal pH is 4 to 5 in the duodenum but becomes progressively more alkaline, approaching 8 in the lower ileum. GI microflora may inactivate certain drugs, reducing their absorption. Decreased blood flow （eg, in shock） may lower the concentration gradient across the intestinal mucosa and decrease absorption by passive diffusion. （Decreased peripheral blood flow also alters drug distribution and metabolism.）　小腸在胃腸道中具有最大的藥物吸收表面積。十二脂腸腔內(nèi)pH值為4~5，管腔內(nèi)pH值趨堿性逐漸增強(qiáng)，至回腸下部時(shí)pH接近8。胃腸道內(nèi)的菌叢可使某些藥物失活，降低藥物的吸收。血流量的減少（如休克病人）可以降低跨腸粘膜的濃度梯度，從而減少被動(dòng)擴(kuò)散吸收。（外周血流減少也會(huì)改變藥物的分布和代謝。　

Intestinal transit time can influence drug absorption, particularly for drugs that are absorbed by active transport （eg, B vitamins）, that dissolve slowly （eg, griseofulvin）, or that are too polar （ie, poorly lipid-soluble） to cross membranes readily （eg, many antibiotics）. For such drugs, transit may be too rapid for absorption to be complete.　腸道通過(guò)時(shí)間　腸道通過(guò)時(shí)間能影響藥物吸收，特別是經(jīng)主動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)吸收的藥物（如維生素B）、溶解緩慢的藥物（如灰黃霉素），或極性太高（即脂溶性差）難以透過(guò)細(xì)胞膜的藥物（如許多抗生素）。這類藥物通過(guò)太快，致使吸收不全?！?

For controlled-release dosage forms, absorption may occur primarily in the large intestine, particularly when drug release continues for > 6 h, the time for transit to the large intestine.　對(duì)控釋劑型來(lái)說(shuō)，吸收主要在大腸內(nèi)進(jìn)行，特別是藥物釋放時(shí)間超過(guò)6小時(shí)，也就是藥物運(yùn)達(dá)大腸的時(shí)間?！?

Absorption from solution: A drug given orally in solution is subjected to numerous GI secretions and, to be absorbed, must survive encounters with low pH and potentially degrading enzymes. Usually, even if a drug is stable in the enteral environment, little of it remains to pass into the large intestine. Drugs with low lipophilicity （ie, low membrane permeability）, such as aminoglycosides, are absorbed slowly from solution in the stomach and small intestine; for such drugs, absorption in the large intestine is expected to be even slower because the surface area is smaller. Consequently, these drugs are not candidates for controlled release.　溶液劑型的吸收　藥物吸收受到大量胃腸道內(nèi)分泌液的影響。藥物要想被吸收，就必須要在與低pH環(huán)境及潛在的降解酶的接觸中生存下來(lái)。通常，即使某種藥物在腸環(huán)境中很穩(wěn)定，但進(jìn)入大腸的仍然是極少數(shù)。低親脂性（即膜通透性低）藥物，如氨基糖苷類，經(jīng)胃和小腸溶液被緩慢吸收。而在大腸中，因表面積更小，預(yù)期吸收更慢。因此，這些藥物不宜制成控釋劑型?！?

Absorption from solid forms: Most drugs are given orally as tablets or capsules primarily for convenience, economy, stability, and patient acceptance. These products must disintegrate and dissolve before absorption can occur. Disintegration greatly increases the drug's surface area in contact with GI fluids, thereby promoting drug dissolution and absorption. Disintegrants and other excipients （eg, diluents, lubricants, surfactants, binders, dispersants） are often added during manufacture to facilitate these processes. Surfactants increase the dissolution rate by increasing the wetability, solubility, and dispersibility of the drug. Disintegration of solid forms may be retarded by excessive pressure applied during the tableting procedure or by special coatings applied to protect the tablet from the digestive processes of the gut. Hydrophobic lubricants （eg, magnesium stearate） may bind to the active drug and reduce its bioavailability.　固體劑型的吸收　主要是出于方便、經(jīng)濟(jì)、藥物穩(wěn)定性、及病人接受性的考慮，大多數(shù)藥物都以片劑或膠囊劑口服給藥。這些制劑必須經(jīng)過(guò)崩解和溶解才能被吸收。崩解大大增加了藥物與胃腸液的接觸表面積，從而促進(jìn)藥物的溶解和吸收。在制藥過(guò)程中,為了促進(jìn)崩解和溶解作用，往往添加一些崩解劑和其他賦形劑（如稀釋劑、潤(rùn)滑劑、表面活性劑、粘合劑、分散劑）。表面活性劑通過(guò)增加藥物的吸濕性、溶解度和分散性來(lái)增加其溶解速率。在制片過(guò)程中壓片壓力過(guò)大，或?yàn)榱耸顾幤馐苣c道消化作用的影響而使用特殊的包衣，可延緩固體劑型的崩解。忌水性潤(rùn)滑劑（如硬脂酸鎂）可與活性藥物結(jié)合而降低其生物利用度。　

Dissolution rate determines the availability of the drug for absorption. When slower than absorption, dissolution becomes the rate-limiting step. Overall absorption can be controlled by manipulating the formulation. For example, reducing the particle size increases the drug's surface area, thus increasing the rate and extent of GI absorption of a drug whose absorption is normally limited by slow dissolution. Dissolution rate is affected by whether the drug is in salt, crystal, or hydrate form. The Na salts of weak acids （eg, barbiturates, salicylates） dissolve faster than their corresponding free acids regardless of the pH of the medium. Certain drugs are polymorphic, existing in amorphous or various crystalline forms. Chloramphenicol palmitate has two forms, but only one sufficiently dissolves and is absorbed to be clinically useful. A hydrate is formed when one or more water molecules combine with a drug molecule in crystal form. The solubility of such a solvate may markedly differ from the nonsolvated form; eg, anhydrous ampicillin has a greater rate of dissolution and absorption than its corresponding trihydrate.　溶解速率　溶解速率決定藥物吸收時(shí)的可用度。當(dāng)溶解速率低于吸收速率時(shí)，溶解就會(huì)制約吸收。藥物的總體吸收可通過(guò)改變配方來(lái)加以調(diào)控，例如，減小顆粒體積可增加藥物的表面積，從而增加那些溶解緩慢吸收受限的藥物的胃腸道吸收速率和分量。藥物的不同形式，如鹽、晶體或水合物等，都可影響溶解速率。不管介質(zhì)的pH是多少，弱酸的鈉鹽（如巴比妥酸鹽，水楊酸鹽）比其相應(yīng)的游離酸溶解得快。某些藥物有多種形態(tài)，可以非晶體形或不同晶體形存在。棕櫚酸氯霉素有兩種存在形態(tài)，但只有一種形態(tài)能充分溶解吸收，也因而被臨床使用。當(dāng)一個(gè)或多個(gè)水分子和一個(gè)晶體形藥物分子相結(jié)合時(shí)，就構(gòu)成一種水合物。這種的溶解度可能與非水合物的溶解度有明顯的不同。例如，無(wú)水氨芐西林的溶解速率和吸收比其它相應(yīng)水合物的溶解吸收速率都要快得多?！?

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